Identifying Understanding Masculine Rhyme

A masculine rhyme happens when a rhyme is on the final syllable of a wordthat syllable is stressed Green and Mean are masculine rhymes, as are Invest and Undressed, Import and Short, and Intrude and Food. In looking at masculine rhymes, we have two separate components: the rhyme, and the stress. Rhyme Rhymes are simply identical (or very similar) sounds. An okay rhyme is head and pet, since both share the same vowel sound, but head and bed are a closer rhyme, because they share a vowel and a consonant sound. Rhymes dont have to be from the same letters, either. As we see above, invest and undressed rhyme, even though one ends in -st and one in -ssed. Its not about the letters themselves; its all about the sound they make. Stress Stress is a little trickier to understand. In English, we dont put the same amount of emphasis on every syllable in a word. A syllable is stressed when we put emphasis on it—beCAUSE, CHATtering, RUSHes, perSIMMon. Those syllables that are not stressed are, not surprisingly, known as unstressed. A good way to figure out which syllables are stressed and unstressed in a word is to play around with emphasizing difference syllables. Does IMpossible sound the same as imPOSSible or imposs-I-ble or impossiBLE? Some words have more than one stressed syllable, although one is usually more stressed than the others—REconSIDer (where the third syllable is more stressed than the first). Words that are only one syllable are usually automatically stressed, although it depends on their context within a sentence. So, to have a masculine rhyme, we need two (or more) words that end with the same sounds, and both have stressed last syllables. Sink and Wink and Think are all masculine rhymes. As are Overdue and Debut, and Combine and Sign. Not Gendered As you can see, masculine rhyme has nothing to do with gender. The term was coined long enough ago that stressed syllables, more powerful than unstressed syllables, were equated with the masculine; words ending with unstressed syllables (like RUSHing, HEAVen, and PURple) are all considered feminine endings—when those kinds of words rhyme, its known as feminine rhyme. How to Identify Masculine Rhyme For the most part, once you know the rules of masculine rhymes, theyre pretty easy to spot. As long as the words in question rhyme in their final (or only) syllable, and that syllable is stressed, the rhyme is masculine. Check out the poetry excerpts below for examples of masculine rhyme. Examples From John Donnes Holy Sonnet XIV: Batter my heart, three-personed God, for youAs yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend;That I may rise, and stand, o’erthrow me, and bendYour force to break, blow, burn, and make me new. So we have two rhymes here you/new and mend/bend. Since all of these words are one syllable long, they are automatically stressed. Rhyme? Check. Stressed syllable? Check. These are masculine rhymes. From On the Dangers of Open Water by Liz Wager: This beauty we dont understand will sweepus out to sea. We look for it belowour bows, but if we try to understandthe workings of that beauty we perceive,were driven mad by all we cannot know.We force ourselves to roam between the strandstill, like Narcissus, drown to find reprieve. Here, we have a couple different rhymes: below/know, understand/strands, perceive/reprieve. (While understand and strands are not perfect rhymes, theyre pretty close.) In this example, there are multi-syllable words: they all end with a stressed syllable—perCEIVE, rePRIEVE, and beLOW. Stressed final syllables? Yes. Rhymes? Yes. Another example of masculine rhyme. Why Do Poets Use Masculine Rhyme? In addition to knowing what masculine rhyme is, and how to identify it, its also helpful to understand why a poet might use it in a poem, or what masculine rhyme contributes to a poem. There are several ways to emphasize particular words in a poem. Placement in a line, stress, and rhyme all make words stand out. In the above examples, all the masculine rhymes occur at the end of the line; just by having that white space to their right, these words are more prominent, more visible. Our eyes linger on those final words before we move onto the next line. Stress, too, emphasizes a word; words like to, the, an, a, and, if, or, at, etc., are usually all unstressed in poetic lines, while stressed words have more meaning, more life. And, when words are rhymed, they stand out. The more times we hear a certain sound repeated, the more we pay attention to that sound—just think about the poetry of Dr. Seuss! So, having masculine rhymes (especially those at the end of lines) help a poet to really emphasize the important words of a poem. Whether a reader realizes it or not, stressed syllables and words tend to stick in our memories better, as do the repetition of sounds that we find in rhyme. So, the next time you read a poem that incorporates rhyme (such as a sonnet or a pantoum), check to see if it is making use of masculine rhyme, and how that use is impacting your reading experience.

Organization That Help Undocumented Aliens - 1022 Words

Organization that Help Undocumented Aliens As the number undocumented immigrants continues to rise in the United States much of what is communicated in the media has consistently taken on a negative tone. A negative tone giving many in the public the impression that undocumented aliens are without an advocate in the pursuit of streamlining the path to become legal and enjoy the rights and privileges that go along with being a member of American society and all that that entails. There exists however organizations that have taken up the cause for these immigrants providing legal support, health care and a voice for the larger audience to hear. Two of these organizations are the Federation for American Immigration Reform or FAIR and the Immigrant Youth Justice League or IYJL. FAIR is a nonprofit, membership organization with the belief that immigration reform, not only serves undocumented immigrants, but society as a whole. The organization believes that by lobbying for improved border security, minimizing illegal immigration and promoting programs to aid those seeking legal immigration the national interests would be better served. With nearly 250,000 members nationwide, both liberal and conservative, FAIR is truly a grassroots movement. (FAIR, para. 1) Founded in 1979 FAIR has pressed for legislation that would create a more workable immigration policy. This policy would allow for 300,000 immigrants a year to enter the United States, but is nondiscriminatory and isShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper On Illegal Immigrant1314 Words   |  6 Pagescontinent, country, island or state for many different reasons. Among these reasons (business, education, asylum and so on) it is very important to highlight one of the most sensitive: the economic reason or the desire to find a better job/life in order to help their families. The USA is usually considered a country the tradition of immigrants. 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Some of these restrictions are based on laws and reform acts that have been produced by legal organizations as well as political federations. On a federal level, the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 (PRWORA) prohibits hospital districts from offering free or discounted nonemergency medical care for noncitizens (Rao, 2003, p.1). Immigrants are taking advantageRead MoreEthnic Minorities And The United States1712 Words   |  7 Pagesincrease of about 43 % in the last 10 years; becoming one of the fastest growing populations in the United States (Census Bureau, 2010). However, it is important to note that this percentage of increase is not accounting for the Latinos/as that are undocumented; leaving us to question the actual number of Latino/a immigrants in the U.S. Now public health providers and policy makers are acknowledging the importance of investi gating the issues Latinos/as may face. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012)Read MoreIllegal Immigration Issues1082 Words   |  5 Pagesreaching a decision to help improve the wellbeing of this country. There are too many people in which are affected by this issue for it not to be at the top of Congresses priorities. According to Katel, in 2014 there was a total of 11.3 million undocumented immigrants living in the United States. But those 11 million immigrants aren’t the only ones affected by this issue. The entire U.S. population is affected by this issue as all but 8 states had at least 10,000 undocumented persons in 2014. ThoseRead MoreThe Immigration Of The United States1380 Words   |  6 PagesMost of America’s undocumented population has traveled a treacherous journey from Latin American countries and through the southern border. Many politicians have proposed a mass deportation of up to eleven million of these workers without thinking of the possible repercussions. Though it seems that illegal immigrants hurt the country from an economic standpoint, they are essential to the success of the American economy because they take menial jobs. Therefore, these undocumented workers, who seekRead MoreA International Political Economy Event Analysis Paper Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesor killed another human being. â€Å"Current immigration policy costs taxpayers $300 billion a year† (National Review, Sept. 22, 206). There are many felonious immigrants in the country right now, â€Å"from the year 2008 through 2014, nearly 13,000 criminal aliens were released back into United States communities because their home countries would not take them back† (The Boston Globe, June 4, 2016). There have been many terrorism cases against immigrants in the United States, â€Å"Between 9/11 and the end of 2014Read MoreThe Immigration Law Enforcement And Safe Neighborhoods Act ( Arizona Senate Bill 1070 )3640 Words   |  15 Pagessurrounding the initiation of a long list of Ari zona immigration laws. Secondly, the paper will provide a background on past policies that may have relation to the current policies enacted today and how their implementation has affected immigration by aliens into Arizona. Lastly, the paper will analyze the rendition of Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (Arizona Senate Bill 1070) and offer solutions to problems associated with the law in its most current form. Keywords: ArizonaRead MoreThe Immigrants Of The United States Of America1972 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay describes the obstacles undocumented immigrants in the United States of America can face such as finding a job and social isolation. As commonly found, these impediments prevent immigrants from the complete integration into the social life of the country and successful incorporation into the core American structures. The two prominent challenges discussed in this paper are federal regulations and laws and social assimilation into the community. There are many difficulties illegalRead MoreThe Economic Impact Of Illegal Immigration1603 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper examines the economic impact of illegal immigration in the United States. This country was built with the help of millions of legally admitted immigrants, however today illegal immigration is a controversial topic. Despite the illegal status, millions of men and women work and contribute to local, state and national economies. An accepted idea is that most of the illegal immigrants cross the Mexico-US border, therefore most of the illegal immigrants should be Mexicans or from

Medea by Euripides and by Seneca free essay sample

A comparison of two versions of the story. This paper compares the two versions of Medea, one by Euripides and another by Seneca. The Greek mythological Medea is known for her evil nature and dangerous passions, which drove her wild with jealousy, and she committed a series of murders to make her husband suffer. This paper examines the story of Medea. From the paper: Medea is a despicable character of Greek mythology and Euripides later produced a play on her story. The Euripidess version of Medea is the most popular though many others presented their own versions. Along with Euripides, Seneca also produced a well-known play on the subject. There have been slight differences in all available versions of Medea, but the plot remains the same. Medea was the princess of Colchis who fell in love with Jason and helped him obtain the Golden Fleece through her powers of Witchcraft. We will write a custom essay sample on Medea by Euripides and by Seneca or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She knew magic and sorcery and often used her skills for her ulterior motives.

Essay on Use Of Fluid Resuscitation Following Trauma Example For Students

Essay on Use Of Fluid Resuscitation Following Trauma Crystalloid versus Colloids: Optimizing Fluid Resuscitation Following Trauma Blunt force trauma to the chest cavity can cause tremendous structural damage, resulting in compromised functional integrity to essential organs, such as the heart and the lungs. Because these primary organs facilitate perfusion to the rest of the body, damage can result in massive hypoperfusion leading to shock. Many researchers concur on the subject of fluid resuscitation to abate affects of cardiogenic shock and even death; however, the debate arises when considering types of fluid resuscitative therapy. Perpetual debates and literature has advocated for resuscitation with either crystalloid or colloid; supporting studies proclaim that one is superior to the other. To provide adequate treatment for patients experiencing cardiogenic shock, the practitioner must understand the pathophysiology of cardiac trauma and the anesthetic goals, and the role albumin plays in metabolic activity; furthermore, the practitioner should be aware of current literature contrasting crystalloid and col loid therapy in cardiogenic shock treatment. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Trauma and Anesthetic Goals Penetrating cardiac injuries often lead to immediate cardiovascular collapse, which patients rarely survive. Injuries associated with penetrating cardiac trauma include pericardial tamponade, cardiac perforation, rupture of a chamber, and fistula formation. Blunt cardiac trauma injuries include cardiac contusion; which are most common, pericardial ruptures, rupture of a chamber, valvular tears, coronary artery injuries, and ventricular aneurysms. The primary complication of pericardial tamponade is a decrease in cardiac output secondary to pericardial pressure causing severe diastolic dysfunction. Cardiac tamponade, which occurs when the pericardial sac surrounding the heart begins to fill with blood, can severe reduce forward flow. It presents as Beck’s triad: hypotension, distended neck veins, muffled heart sounds and pulsus paradoxus (Yao, 2012). The decrement of cardiac output by way of either these pathophysiologies can severely decrease perfusion to the renal, hepatic and neurological systems. Due to the decrease in oxygen deliver, metabolic acidosis can ultimately result. The anesthetic goal for treating acute cardiac trauma and cardiogenic shock is to maintain intrinsic sympathetic tone and preload (Yao, 2012). Therefore, use of vasopressors is essential. When considering maintenance of preload, researchers who advocate for resuscitation with colloids argue that albumin plays a major role in metabolic activity; therefore, it not only replaces volume, but it also induces essential metabolic activity that aids in healing and drug delivery. The role of Albumin in Metabolic Activity Serum albumin is a single-chain protein synthesized in and secreted from liver cells. Many researchers have studied the structure of serum albumin, its properties and functions to understand the protein’s interactions with a number of ligands (Alekseev Rebane, 2012). It has been discovered that albumin not only acts as a carrier protein for drugs, but also participates in catabolic activity such as hydrolysis. The albumin molecule consist of three domains: I, II and III; each of these domains have a subdomain A and subdomain B. Researchers has found these subdomains of the albumin molecule are essential for binding and transportation of antibiotics as well as other pharmaceuticals. The domain II and III of albumin contain two primary drug binding sites, known as Sudlow’s site I and site II (Alekseev Rebane, 2012). Albumin has been reported to exert irreversible effects on some beta lactam antibiotics. It was found that albumin of different purity obtained from a variety of sources, showed significant beta-lactamase activity. Purified albumin was shown to have a hydrolase activity, catalyzing the decomposition of the chromogenic cephalosporin. Furthermore, It was found that only cefuroxime, ceftazidime and cefoperazone interacted slightly with site I on serum albumin, while site II possessed the capacity to bind cephradine, cephalexin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, cefaclor and cefsulodin (Alekseev Rebane, 2012). Therefore, albumin may facilitate healing by ensure the effective transport of antibiotics, which can decrease risk of infection and sepsis, which can lead to the triad of death. Along with the deliver of drugs, it is essential to maintain normal cellular activity, which is done through by series of serum enzymes such as esterase. Albumin plays a key role in hydrolytic activity. Stability of albumin was observed under conditions unfavorable for other blood serum esterases, in particular, in the absence of necessary co-factors, in the presence of specific inhibitors, or after preliminary heating. It was found that albumin was able to maintain its structure to a greater degree than other serum esterases. However, albumin hydrolysis activity turnover time is considerable slower than other esterase; thus, catalytic activity of serum albumin is classified as esterase-like or pseudo-esterase activity (Alekseev Rebane, 2012). Nonetheless, because of its sustainability and contribution of to catabolic activity, albumin replacement is essential. Cardiomyopathy : A Disease Of The Heat Muscle EssayReferences Alekseev, R., Rebane, A. (2012). Protein biochemistry, synthesis, structure and cellular functions: Serum albumin: Structure, Function and Health Impact. New York, NY: Nova. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com Khalid, R. (2012, July 16). Cardiogenic shock. Healthline. Retrieved from http://www.healthline.com/health/cardiogenic-shock#Overview1 Lira, A., Pinsky, M. (2014, Dec 4). Choices in fluid type and volume during resuscitation: impact on patient outcomes. Annals of Intensive Care , 4(38), 1-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13613-014-0038-4 Yao, F. F. (2012). Yao Artusio’s Anesthesiology (7th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.r2library.com.une.idm.oclc.org/resource/title/1451102658

Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example Essay Example

Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example Paper Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Introduction 1. Economies of scale are characterized by decreases in the average cost of production with increases in the levels of production. These are especially enjoyed by firms that are expanding their operations in terms of managerial activities, purchases, financial borrowing and marketing operations (Economies 2007). Small firms usually can play a crucial role in equitable development and economic growth, especially in the developing countries, and mainly through poverty reduction, employment creation, and broad distribution of opportunities and wealth (Elliethy, A 1992). Just the same these firms’ great potential is not usually realized because of the problems of isolation and size. In most cases, small firms do not achieve economies of scale in purchasing the inputs, and are therefore unable to avail the market advantages in terms of regular supply, high levels of production and those of homogeneous products. Isolation is a big limit for these firms since it affects factors such as training, logistics, market intelligence, as well as innovations. Small firms normally maintain a small profit margin since they cannot afford to invent new processes and products most of the time as the larger firms with their special Research Development units. Rather, small firms may only gain a competitive position in the markets through networking. Evidence from both developed in addition to developing countries shows that networking is only possible if small firms have common interests such as similar products and challenges (Landstrà ¶m, H 2005). There are two kinds of economies of scale: internal economies of scale and external economies of scale. Internal economies of scale can be enjoyed when the output of a small firm increases, perhaps due to governmental subsidies that lower the unit cost of production. Because fixed costs are shared by the number of units produced by a firm, a small firm that increases its production capacity will enjoy internal economies of scale . Furthermore, a small firm that increases its production capacity may enjoy discounts from its suppliers, referred to as bulk-buying or purchasing economies. This firm may also take loans at lower interest rates from the banks – referred to as financial economies. Additionally, a small firm that increases its production capacity may enjoy managerial economies as it hires more people and avails the advantages of division of labor. Another advantage of increasing production capacity – referred to as indivisibility – may be availed when a small firm changes its machinery and/or processes to replace the older ones and thereby accommodate the larger production capacity (Rodda, C 2004). Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Body Paragraphs While larger firms are understood to be more economical than smaller firms, a small firm may enjoy external economies of scale when the output of the industry is increased. As the production capacity of the industry increases, the number of trained workers also increases. In point of fact, the government may provide special training to the labor force in this situation. A trained labor force is definitely more economical than untrained workers. Moreover, a small firm may enjoy external economies of scale when the production capacity of the industry increases and there emerge other businesses to support the growing industry. Such firms may have their own competitors, and they too may enjoy economies of scale. Most importantly, the industries that these supporting businesses form tend to reduce the unit cost of production for the small firm. Lastly, small firms may enjoy external economies of scale when they cooperate with each other, for instance, to publish shared advertising materia l (Rodda, C). 2. Market fragmentation entails a division of the market in more ways than one. It commonly occurs that a given product may have the same quality and brand name but different prices in separate locations; this may arise due to the variance in the transportation costs and storage costs among other variable costs. A product may similarly have the same brand name but varied qualities of it may be produced, thereby leading to a difference in prices. All of these factors could lead to the market fragmentation. This economic principle is closely related to market differentiation. When the markets are fragmented, each supplier of a given product may enjoy limited economies of scale because the suppliers cannot collectively possess a common bargaining force. This is because each of them is independent, but usually very keen to watch the actions of the other players in the market. However, the uncertainties existing in this type of market do not increase external economies of s cale. The desire to produce a strong product typically involves making a product different from that of the fellow competitors, and this leads to fragmentation of the markets to boot. Nevertheless, strong product differentiation is a key factor towards achieving a competitive advantage. Product differentiation may include offering a product similar to that of the competitors, but of better packaging or quality. This also enables the market to be fragmented, as the products in the market are similar to each other but differentiated or diverse. Hence, consumers at different market niches are charged different prices. Creative content and image is another key factor that may lead to market differentiation. Creative content is related to innovation as it enables the seller to improve his products to allow them to attain a bigger market share (Sutcliff, M, Sloman, J 2004). 3. It is of vital importance to SME’s to evaluate the external environmental factors in the process of strat egic analysis (Dubinas, V, Stonkuviene, R 2005). Systematic competitiveness involves viewing industrial competitiveness as an interaction of both macro and micro factors. In systematic competitiveness, there are the meta and meso factors to be contemplated. These factors may have a huge impact on the daily operation of the SME. As a matter of fact, such factors also affect other businesses, and may include political forces, economic environment, and the legal environment. The internal factors are also included for consideration in the systematic competitiveness model. These may include the quality, efficiency and flexibility among other things (Sutcliff, M, Sloman, J). In short, a small or medium-sized enterprise must be aware of the competitive advantages of firms that produce goods that are similar to its own. 4. Innovation is one of the tools used against the negative impacts of market fragmentation in the small firms; this is because innovation enables them to come up with bet ter products that are equally competitive at all level in the market. Innovation entails coming up with better products or with more efficient technology that could enable small firms to produce more efficiently. Strong cost control is another tool against the negative effects of market fragmentation; this is because once the costs are carefully monitored, all the decisions made would be cost effective and production would always be efficient. Cost benefit analysis could be of paramount importance to these firms, as it allows them to easily achieve price competitiveness. Specialization similarly enables these firms to produce better products in a more efficient way. Moreover, specialization allows small firms to do away with the products that are inefficient. This enables them to continue on a certain line of production and improve as they become more experienced with time (Sutcliff, M, Sloman, J). 5. Heterogeneous oligopolies are market forms dominated by a small number of firms t hat know the likely activity of one another and usually deal with various types of products. Heterogeneous oligopolists may produce different products which are similar in function but diverse in terms of quality. Furthermore, a heterogeneous oligopoly may consist of both larger and smaller firms. Interactivity is the main characteristic of the oligopolistic markets since there are a few sellers. The decision likely to be made by one firm is influenced by the likely decisions of other firms. Heterogeneous oligopolists may also influence the prices of the products of their competitors. Strategic planning is crucial in heterogeneous oligopolies due to the high risk of collusion among the participants in the industry. 6. There were 4,423, 500 firms in the United Kingdom in the year 2005. Forty one percent of the working labor force was employed in micro firms. In the small firms, 46.8 percent of the working labor force was employed. In the small and medium-sized enterprises, 58.7 perce nt of the working labor force was employed (Small Business Analytical 2007). 7. The following is a line graph showing the share of SME’s in total employment from 1994-2005: The graph shows a tremendous increase in the employment of the small and medium-sized enterprises between 1994 and 2005. This may have been due to an increase in the number of small and medium-sized enterprises in the United Kingdom, especially between 1999 and 2000. The increase may have been due to a more conducive environment created by the UK government especially for SME’s, with the introduction of new regulations that help SME’s to lower their costs of production. Such support from the government may specifically have included the offering of expert advice, training of the labour force, financial support or subsidies, and regulation of the markets such that small and medium-sized enterprises could easily enter and leave the markets at their own will, therefore resulting in an increase in SME’s, which in turn lead to an increase in the total employment of UK. It is also possible that the small and medium-sized enterprises in the United Kingdom expanded their operations substantially between 1999 and 2000, and employed more people to accommodate the expanded scales of production because of subsidies introduced by the government especially for SME’s. Of course, governmental support could have arrived for SME’s in other forms as well, e.g. regulations that made it easy for them to enter the industry and exist. 8. Business, enterprise regulatory reform is one of the major policies aimed at offering the best support to the SME’s in the United Kingdom. This offers all the necessary support to SME’s at the local, national and regional level; more so, it ensures that the government would continuously support the SME’s with expertise. A good business environment is provided so that all entrepreneurs can utilize their opportunities. This ensures that the SME’s will grow with the full support of the regulatory authorities (Small Business 2007). 9. The SME’s in Venezuela are likely to be revived. The economic indicators of the country generally show a positive forward move. The government has introduced measures to revive the SME’s through the offering of necessary information as well as better technology to enhance their production capacities. Unfortunately, however, political and social tensions in the country are hindering the process. These crises have also lead to increased inflation in the country, in addition to rising unemployment rates and decrease in the Gross Domestic Product (Mulhern, A, Stewart, C 1999; Venezuela 2007). 10. Explanatory variables are also called independent variables or controlled variables. These variables manipulate the SME situation in Venezuela. From 1961 to 1990, the following were the explanatory variables that had an influence on small and medium-sized en terprises in the country: the manufacturing share and the error correlation, barriers to entry, modernization of enterprises, the factor mix, GDP and the exogenous proxy variables (Mulhern, A, Stewart, C). We will write a custom essay sample on Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Small and Medium-Sized Firms Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

What are Stock Options

What are Stock Options Free Online Research Papers Introduction A lot of companies today have continue to offer their employees, their potential employees as well as other affiliated individuals, stock options as a way of recruiting, retaining and even motivating these particular individuals. During the last twenty years, stock options have increasingly become a major fringe benefit to employees who are salaried. In spite of some companies such as Dell, Amazon and Microsoft having recently reduced or abolished stock options for their employees, many other companies have continued with the practice which is common in the United States. As Albrecht, (1991) notes, the utilization of stock options in the technology industry has remained specifically widespread. Stock option plans allows the employees to buy a company’s share. At times a company may provide a subsidized loan to its employees to facilitate them be able to purchase stock, or the company may match the amount of shares an employee buys by doubling the amount of the shares. However, other companies are providing discounted prices of shares to their employee which immediately translates to profit. History of the Practice Stock option has been a way of compensating employees for a number of years now, the practice dates back to 1972 when Accounting Principles Board issued its option number 25 calling for organizations to employ a system which has intrinsic value to use when valuing employees stock options given to them. Using the intrinsic value approaches employed at that period, organizations were issuing â€Å" at the money† employee stock options not including any records for expenditure on the organization’s income statements, since the stock options were considered has not having any initial intrinsic value. Thus, though the system of not having records for expenses on stock option started way back, the number of stock options being given to employees was very little that a substantial number of employees ignored the stocks options. (Cuny and Jorion, 1995) In 1993, Section 162M of the internal Revenue code section successfully put a ceiling to corporate top executive cash reward to a maximum of $1 million annually. During this period, the use of stock options as a way of employees’ compensation actually took off from here. This period coincided with ranging bullish market in stocks and equities particularly in technology-associated stocks, benefiting from fresh innovations and increased investor knowledge and demand. After this period, stock option become a common way of compensating employees, and apart from the top executives, other employees of different ranks were being awarded stock options as a way of attracting and motivating employees. (Cuny and Jorion, 1995) Types of stock options A small company may be able to grant various types of stock options to their employees, these types are outlined below. Incentive stock option: employees of the company simply pay taxes on these stock options during the time when they are selling them. Employees as well do qualify for a 20% long-standing investment gains tax supposing they sell their stock after a period of over two years after being granted the stock options. Non-qualified stock options: in this type, employees in general pay more taxes when they have these stocks. If the employees exercise the stock option, the employees are force to pay income tax arising from the price variation between the grant price of the share and the market price of the stock. The employers are the one who receive tax deduction arising from the difference. (Bowles, 2002) Restricted stock option: companies grant their employees a particular number of shares which the employees can be able to sell only after such a company achieves a particular goal or when a certain period of time set elapses. The employees are forced to pay for income tax arising from the earnings after the vesting of the stocks or when the stocks options have been issued. (Cuny and Jorion, 1995) When to Use Stock Options Employees require to be compensated for their performance in order to encourage them to keep up or improve on that performance. The moment the human resource establishes the performance of the worker, managers should reward to commensurate with the worker’s achievement. These will ensure maximum production and effectiveness of the worker; current compensation programs include a mix of basic pay, equities and variable pay (Cuny and Jorion, 1995). Many companies are currently using the stock option as a way of compensating and motivating their employees. A good example of such a company is the Starbucks. All Starbucks employees are known as partners no matter which job position the employee occupy. Each one of the partner (even part-timers) is entitled to get health care, take part in the Bean Stock program, and also get a free pound of coffee every week. In the Bean Stock program, Starbucks employees are given stock lower than the fair market value a number of times per year. A t the same time the employees also take part in a 401(k) profit sharing plan. Through buying the stock options in a company an employee get a chance to own part of the company. When the company thrives and its stock increases, the employees stand to benefit. As such the employee s bound to put in extra effort to make sure that the company succeeds so that he/she can also benefit. Thus, stock options as stated provide motivation to the employees. (Albrecht, 1991) Behavioral implications Stock options are supposed to create some implication for both the employers and also the employees. Creative owners of stock provides their employees with stock options as a way of incentive and to the employees so that the employees can be easily be retained at the company and only work for that company has the employees feels as being part and parcel of the company. Stock options have thus the ability to change the behavior of the employees of a company in a positive manner. The dividends which top executives and other employees receive do constitute the major part of compensating top executives. (Cox, and Rubenstein, 1979) Current accounting practice and valuation of the options Though, there are various different approaches which have been formulated to value tock options which are traded on the market, valuing the employees’ stock options has remained problematic to many. The problems related with valuing the employees’ stock options which are issued by companies that are privately owned are specifically delicate. However this paper will try and review some current accounting practices. (Carpenter, 1998) Simple intrinsic value approaches might devalue the stock option in a situation where there is remarkable upside prospective but nearly no downside potential. Among the extensively accepted accounting practice is the Black-Scholes, (1973) option pricing model. This is a closed-form accounting model used to value those stock options which are traded in Europe. Among the most important assumptions held by this method is that stock option holders do have the capability of trading their stock in line with options which they were offered. Other some companies have opposed the mandatory expenses by abolishing the usage of ESOs, some other companies for example Cisco have maintained ESO programs. Before 2005, Cisco Company employed the APB 25, adhering to FAS 123 stipulation in their 10-K plan. The table shows the net revenue for the company in the 2001-2003 financial years reported under FAS 123 accounting system. (Cenker and Monastra, 1991) PARTICULARS 2001 2002 2003 Net Income (Loss) As Reported under FAS123 (1,014) 1,893 3,578 Option Compensation Expenses (net of tax) (1,691) (1,520) (1,259) Net Income (loss) pro forma (FAS 123R) (2,705) 373 2,319 Critical assessment of the practice The present situation of accounting regulations formulated for equity-founded compensation has to be very confusing. In a case where there is lack of compulsory expensing, accounting standard which is used by a lot of companies was known as Accounting Principles Board option 25 (APB, 25). The stated accounting standard came into implementation in 1972, just one year earlier than the formulation of Financial Accounting Standard Board as well as Black-Scholes accounting formula used to value traded stock options. (Black and Scholes, 1973; APB, 1972) The APB accounting standard allows companies to be able to account for their employees’ stock options through the use of â€Å"intrinsic value† (the disparity among the price of stock and that of option exercise. The common practice which makes options grant at the money results in an intrinsic value being zero value on the date of when the options where granted, for the purposes of accounting. Viewing this practice on its sur face, it seems as misguided. However, ESOs do have value and that is why companies award these stock options to their employees. (Boudreaux, et al. 2000) Nonetheless, before the formulation of stock option pricing procedures, there existed substantial complexities on how to determine a â€Å"fair value†, for contingent compensation of offering sensible support for usage of the APB 25. Though, there have been efforts by the FASB over the years (1978-1984) to formulate an accounting practice for stock option compensation, by introducing the FAS 123 in the 1995, many companies have continued to use the APB 25 practice. (Cenker, and Monastra, 1991) Different studies have indicated that the there have been a remarkable increase in amount of stock options being granted to employees over the years. Hall and Murphy (2003) expounds this point when they point out that an average sum of Employees’ stock options of 500 companies in which they researched had increased by more than tenfold going up to $238 down from $22 per each company. More than 90% of employees stock options were awarded to employees who were not top most five executives of companies, whereas the share amount of stock options which were being awarded to the CEO of companies had reduced from 7% to below 5%. Basing on Boudreaux, et al (2000) the disagreements over compulsory expenses has continued to shift its location. Before FAS 123 R, the opponents of the practice have put a lot of stress on the problems of how to determine the â€Å"fair value† of stock option which are granted to employees. For instance, FAS 123 has stated in part 19 that â€Å"the fair value of stock option which is awarded by a particularly public entity will be approximated through the use of option pricing approach for instance by using the Black-Scholes model. FAS 123, for instance requires that ESO is has to be valued during that date on which they are being granted particularly in certain situations. The value of the stock option is not supposed to be changed for over the future. For example, loss of the time value as a result of early exercise need not to be shown in the companies’ financial reports which results in any overstatement resulting from fair value of ESO granted date compensation e xpenses. Conclusion Stock options allow the employees to buy a company’s share. Sometimes a company may provide a subsidized loan to its employees to facilitate them be able to purchase share, at times the company may match the amount of shares an employee buys by doubling the amount of the share. Nonetheless, other companies provide discounted prices of shares to their employee which immediately translates to profit. Over the years, stock option have increasingly become a way of compensating and motivating employees in many companies, both the top management and the junior employees. As such the use of stock options to motivate employees continue to increase in present times. Stock options can be accounted through different ways which have been formulated by different bodies. It is thus, clear that stock option is going to continue being adopted by many companies as a way to compensate and motivate and retain their employees in this competitive world. Reference: Albrecht, G (1991): Calculating the value of a closely held firm. Journal of Legal Economics 1(3): 1-6. Black, F and Myron S. (1973): The pricing of options and corporate liabilities; Journal of Political Economy 81(3); 637. Boudreaux, D, et al (2000): Analysis and valuation of closely held firms involved in business damage cases and application of certainty equivalence. Journal of Legal Economics 9(3); 5-18. Bowles, T (2002): Valuing a small business: Implications of different income tax models; Journal of Legal Economics 11(3): 40-62 Carpenter, J (1998): The exercise and valuation of executive stock options. Journal of Financial Economics 48(2): 129-58. Cenker, W and Monastra, C (1991): Business valuations; Constraints imposed by divorce. Journal of Legal Economics 1(3): 7-21. Cox, J, and Rubenstein, M (1979): Option pricing; a simplified approach; Journal of Financial Economics 7(3); 259-63. Cuny, C and Jorion, P (1995): Valuing executive stock options with an endogenous departure decision. Journal of Accounting and Economics 20(3); 190-203. Emory, J (1985): The value of marketability as illustrated in initial public offerings of common stock January 1980 through June 1981. Business Valuation Review 4(3): 20-23 Research Papers on What are Stock OptionsGene One the Transition from Private to PublicA Marketing Analysis of the Fast-Food RestaurantDistance Learning Survival GuideNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceQuebec and CanadaDefinition of Export QuotasAmerican Central Banking and OilThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationDeontological Teleological Theories

Feminist Criticism on A Dolls House Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Feminist Criticism on A Dolls House - Essay Example ne analysis of this book, it is notable that Ibsen exposes the suppressive tendencies of a traditional society over a woman and her subsequent struggle at defining her individuality In its immediate impression, Torvald Helmer’s house cannot be described as misogynistic. There is a sense of tranquility that occurs in the house. A superficial judgment may describe Helmer’s marriage as peaceful. Helmer, however, manages the tranquility of the house by suppressing conflicts that may emerge out of Nora’s individuality. It is crucial to highlight that conflicts are essential for comprehensive development of a society. In this sense, conflicts are normal occurrences that help individuals shape better lives for themselves. A household, therefore, that appears not to have conflicts thrives on the suppression of a certain party. In the Helmer’s household, peace only occurs because of Nora’s insolence over matters that affect her wellbeing. The construction of woman in Ibsen’s society is one who is dependent on the husband for her own identity. This exposes a social lie that dominates the 19th century’s household. Nora is the adored beloved wife of Torvald Helmer. On the other hand, Torvald is a rigidly honest and admirable man of stringent moral ideals. Besides, he passionately dedicates his life to his family. According to such a society, he is an enviable husband and, consequently, a good man. Nora, while relying on her societal expectations, believes that she is a fortunate woman to have found husband as modest as Helmer. For a considerable period in her lifetime, Nora does not evaluate the value of her own life. In Nora’s eagerness to serve her husband, she illegally borrows money to take her husband to Italy. Thereafter, she struggles to pay the loan without the husband’s knowledge. Although she has no job, she saves every penny to repay the huge loan. Nora strives to uphold the name o f her family at the cost of her happiness. In this perspective,

Rightly or wrongly there is now a presumption that the court will give Essay

Rightly or wrongly there is now a presumption that the court will give effect to a nuptial agreement - Essay Example ment of maintenance, both for the adults and for any children.†4 With divorces becoming more common, pre-nup agreements are now considered as important, where the couple decides (prior marriage) on how they wish to divide their assets, once they annul their partnership or divorce. Even though pre-nups are legally enforceable in many countries worldwide, in UK they are not legally binding on the courts. This article examines the present legal scenario in UK related to pre-nuptial agreements or â€Å"pre-nups† (more commonly referred to as â€Å"ante-nuptial agreements† in UK legal terms), in the context of the Radmacher v Granatino case. It explores to find out whether it is really true that under the present legal scenario, â€Å"the court will give effect to a nuptial agreement (before or after marriage) freely entered and understood, provided it is not unfair in the prevailing circumstances. It is no longer just one of the circumstances of the case.†5 The basis of this consideration arises from the fact that previously pre and post-nups were treated under UK legal system with little regard and a great deal of suspicion. In recent times, many high-profile divorce/annulment of partnership cases have seen outcomes where ‘ancillary relief’ (application for financial support) has been arbitrated/affected by pre-nup or post-nup agreements made in England.6 In the appeal Radmacher v Granatino,7 the judgement passed in March 2010 by UK Supreme Court was significant within UK legal systems, as here it was for the first time that a pre-nup agreement signed in Germany (prior to a marriage in England) was accepted and held binding by the UK Supreme Court. Discussion Background to marriage dissolution legal scenario in UK: Marriage  under UK family law is generally viewed as a contract,8 and to obtain validity for this contract the concerned parties would have to be unrelated within the specified prohibited ambit, must be more tha n 16 years of age, and the contract must be between a male and female who are not already married.9   If  any one of these ‘points of capacity’ was absent then the ‘contract’ was nullified, under various sections of the  Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 and the Marriage act 1949.10 Besides these ‘points of capacity,’ other formalities necessary to make a marriage valid, included, that the occasion be venerated, accredited, and registered. Furthermore, the partners must possess  adequate mental capacity to enter into the marriage contract, both, consciously and willingly.  11 Under UK legal system, there are two processes to dissolve a marriage contract.   If in a marriage there is a defect (within the realms of the aforementioned points), it is marked as voidable.  Here the partners can apply for a decree of nullity under the Matrimonial Causes

Teacher pay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Teacher pay - Essay Example The thesis statement of this essay is that teachers should be paid more in order to improve their teaching craft, methods and techniques, which translates to improved student performance. Discussion This essay explores the effect of an increase in incentive for teachers in relation to their performance in terms of teaching methods, differentiated and individual instruction, teaching morale etc. In addition to this, the essay focuses on the alternatives that are available to boost teachers’ performance standards, most notably merit pay and its effects on teaching efficiency. The essay also discusses the implications of merit pay, both ethically and professionally, citing different opinions of whether merit pay is professional or not. Different citations guide the thesis of this essay on finding the best solution to the problem statement of this essay, which is whether teachers should or should not have an increase in pay. In a Times Magazine article titled â€Å"How to Make Gr eat Teachers,† Claudia Wallis notes that, the most important aspect of boosting student performance is neither the amount of materials they are exposed to, nor the amount of money invested in classrooms and the students, but rather, the investment made to improve the welfare of the teachers. Claudia supposes that a merit pay system should be implemented in schools to motivate teachers. To most people, this is ethical and justifiable. It makes sense that people should be paid based on their performance and excellence. Other schools of thought have suggested that teachers should be paid based on the performance of the students. This example shows that Wallis’ believes that teachers should be paid more, and that this increase should be on the basis of efficiency and results. In another article, ‘How To Make Great Teachers’, David West, Caitlin Abruzzi and James Raynor, seem to disagree with Wallis; according to them, the idea of merit pay may seem justified an d a motivation to educators, but there exists the problem of whether the ethical way is the professional way. Teachers should not want to better their teaching methods, skills, efforts and craft because of the promise of an increased pay; they should do so because their work is to help students improve and better their knowledge. West, Abruzzi and Raynor seek to inform that although the merit pay might seem like a better move, the assessment rubric for assessing teachers would be biased. Victor Lavy opposes West, Abbruzi and Raynor, and supports Wallis’ idea of merit pay. According to Lavy’s â€Å"Paying for performance: the effect of teachers' financial incentives on students' scholastic outcomes†, Lavy states that the lack of performance based pay leads to mediocrity in many academic institutions. Lavy draws his argument from an incentive experiment performed to determine the effect of increased pay on teachers’ performance. In this program, Hebrew, Eng lish and Math teachers were awarded cash bonuses, on the basis of improved class performance in exams (Lavy 6). The study was based on comparison groups and it employed three strategies; a regression discontinuity method, a natural experiment whose concept derives from measurement of error in the assignment variable, and a propensity score matching. The results were consistent in all three methods, showing that paying incentives to teachers based on merit improved the students’

International strategy of Coca-Cola Company

International strategy of Coca-Cola Company In this essay we are going to study about the international strategy of Coca-Cola Company using the IR framework for the Indian market. Coca-Cola Company is world known organisation. The growing market around the world mostly depends upon the technologies, knowledge and integration of market, it clearly demonstrates the flow of knowledge, services, goods and capital through different nations and in which creating the competition on a world-wide basis creating an integrated global space is called globalization (Porter, 1986; Albrow, 1997; Friedman, 1999; Gupta et al, 1999). Its a very challenging task for any organisation to move from domestic market or home market to international market, especially for those organisations which are facing saturated market in their home country (Yip, 2003). The process of globalization is interdependence and integration of countries exchanging different trade, culture, outsourcing, capital investment and the growth of the nations relationship. Busine ss systems, knowledge and unification of culture have led to globalization (Daniels and Krug, 2007). Coca-Cola was invented in 1886 by Dr. John Stith Pemberton in Atlanta, Georgia (Palazzini, 1989). The main reasons for the global venture are cheap labour, distribution and transportation, communication and information technology, cultural convergence, increasing disposable of the global middle class, extension of IP rights, reduced trade barriers, privatization programs and development of international standards (Stonehouse et al., 2000;Denton and Al-Shamali, 2000). India was rated the top international investment opportunity among 30 emerging markets for mass merchant and food retailers looking to expand globally (Business Credit, 2006).. After losing the Indian market previously the company re-entered in the Indian market in 1993 and now have 7000 distributors and more than 1.3 million retailers in Indian market. Today the Coca-Cola Company is the leading non-alcoholic beverage company with ten different products. Coca-Cola Company is now the largest distributor, manufacturer, mar keter of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrup which operate in around 200 countries (coca-cola, 2010). If its international venture is successful then the brand name and the brand value increases for the company. Literature review: A Company operating internationally faces two forces of pressure of local responsiveness and pressure of global integration (Daniels et al, 2009). In 1987 Prahlad and Doz came with a IR framework on internationalization, their IR framework created a big platform for the study on global business which helps to form an international strategy that has multi dimensional contextual setting. IR framework has limitations for the global industrial competition specified only for the first stage, vagueness in the concept that defines the bond between industry forces and finally lack of proof for supporting the framework (Rugman et al, 2006). Bartlett and Ghoshal (2008) further studied and came with some additions in IR framework and came up with 4 strategies that are international, global, transitional and multi-domestic approaches to the foreign market. The Global Strategy adopted by Coca-Cola can be critically analyzed using the IR (Integration/ Responsive) framework proposed by Bartlett, Gh oshal and Beamish (2008) and Hill(2009). The global standardization products and services focus on huge profit, but they compromise on their products price. The marketing research, production and research are done in precise regions with some certain standard and it is sold globally. So those type of products face a huge pressure in reducing the price according to the place where it is sold for example Intel, a chip company (Hill, 2009). According to Bartlett and Ghoshal (2002), a solution for the cross border business is Transnational, which is considered as the important approach for the international market. The transnational strategy gives a lot of pressure to the company for cost reduction and local responsiveness. This could be achieved by transferring the precise skills and expectations of the company from the home country to the needs of the foreign country, where they compete with the local market with reduced price for example Caterpillar (Hill, 2009). Entry Modes: Every organisation looks for the opportunity to expand their business across borders, and finding the appropriate entry mode is an intricate task for international business. Different organisation chose different entry modes, to control foreign operation with strategic decision making and which are compatible with the laws of government and culture of the country. There are various modes for entering in the international market like exporting, licensing, franchising, joint ventures with the host country firm, acquisition, and wholly owned new subsidiary in the foreign Country (Hill, 2009). Joint Venture: it is one of the method of entering and sharing of ownership between two or more firms. The percentage of the ownership varies according to the organisations. The firms holding majority of share will have a tight control on the strategy (Hill, 2009). International joint venture benefits the firm from the use of local market knowledge of the host country, culture, competitiveness, legal and political system and development. From International Joint Venture the risk can also be shared with the local partner. Joint Venture has disadvantages also when a firm enters into a joint venture it risk giving control of the technology to its partners. Another disadvantage is if the share of joint venture is not that high or 50-50% then it does not give a firm the tight control over subsidiaries that it might need to realize experience curve or location economies (Hill, 2009). Used by PepsiCo to enter in the Indian Market. Acquisition: it is another method of entering into the international market by acquiring or buying and combination of different companies that can aid, finance, or help a company in a given industry without creating a new business entity (Hill. 2009). Used by Coca-Cola to enter Indian market. It is important for the organisation to consider factors such as the nations long run profit potential, the economic benefits of that country, the market size, and purchasing power of consumers and customers which is linked to the economic growth rate when entering in the market (Hill, 2009). Global Strategy of COCA-COLA: (Zhang, 2010) Indian market is one of the major developing economies in the world. The Indian economy is one of the worlds fastest growing, with gross domestic product (GDP) expanding at an average annual rate of about 7.5 percent for the past three years (Choi, 2006; The Economist, 2006) and the retail market expanding 10 percent on average (Business Credit, 2006) (anon). The Indian retail market, an estimated $250 billion annually, is the worlds eighth largest market and is projected to grow by more than 7 percent annually (Embassy of India, 2007-Cited in Halepete, 2008). The Coca-Cola Company is mentioned as a global company with global products and global activities. In 1980 the company was moving towards centralised control. At that time the motive of the company are to be global in order to expand geographical wise into many of the countries in which the company does business today. In 1990 the world began to start smaller and smaller as a town for the global companies. Globalisation forced changes to appear so fast that many countries could hardly manage the new global environment. As a result, the very forces that were making the world more connected and homogeneous were simultaneously triggering and preservation of unique culture identity. The world is demanding greater flexibility, responsiveness, local sensitivity, nimbleness, speed, transparency and local sensitivity had become essential to success (Draft, 2000). Coca-Cola Company sees itself not as a global organization, but as a multi-local enterprise (Svensson, 2001). Coca-Cola Company historical strength came from operating as a multi-local business that for a very long time relies mostly on the insight of local bottling partners. Thats why the global strategy of coca-cola allows its business in more than 200 countries to act according for local laws, local culture, and local needs and so on. Coca-Cola pursues an assumed global strategy, allowing for differences in packaging, distribution, and media that are important to a particular country or geographical area. Hence, the global strategy is localized through a specific geographic marketing plan. Instead of applying a global strategy, it is likely to be a strategy of thinking globally, but acting locally. The global success of Coca-Cola is the direct result of people drinking it one bottle at the time in their own local communities. So we are placing responsibility and accountability in the hands of our colleagues who are closest to those billions of individual sales (Draft, 2000). This signifie s that if their local colleagues develop an idea or a strategy that is the right thing to do locally, and it fits within fundamental values, policies, and standards of integrity and quality of the Coca-Cola Company, then they have the authority and responsibility to do so. At the same time, they will be accountable for the outcomes of the idea or strategy. It is apparent that a company such as the Coca-Cola Company has realized the weaknesses and the deficiencies of applying a genuine or true global strategy approach in their worldwide business activities. To be in high favour of local ultimate consumer adaptations is emphasized as crucial for their business activities to be prosperous. Therefore, their multi-local strategy approach is still going strong and adequately for the companys worldwide business activities. In addition Gould (1995) states that coca-cola has become a part of peoples daily meal, a price at which anyone can buy and it is available to people in any part of the world. The IR framework has been used to critically analyse the global strategy of Coca-Cola. COCA-COLA COMPANY saw that there is an opportunity in Asian market and their home market situation is saturated. COCA-COLA COMPANY decided to re-enter in the Indian market in 1993. Indian government plays a major role in every international company and had a law that any international company have to become a partner in Indian market with an Indian company. To overcome this problem COCA-COLA COMPANY acquisition of local Indian popular brands including the THUMS UP (the most trusted brand in India), Mazza, Gold Sport, Citra and Limca providing a good base not only in bottling, manufacturing and di stribution assets but also very good strong consumer preference(Kaul, 2003). From this acquisition the leading Indian brands join the family of global brand and its products like coca-cola, diet coke and others. From this acquisition Coca-Cola enables to exploit the benefits global branding and global trends in taste while also tapping in other domestic markets (Lane, 1998). Coca-Cola adopted the standardisation strategy to produce and sell its standardised products globally (Rodrigues, 2009). Coca-Cola Company do franchise with the local manufacturing bottling companies through which they have a local response and local touch. In India COCA-COLA COMPANY have 46 bottling plants from which 22 are company own and rest are the franchise operated plant (Coca-Cola, 2010). After re-entering the Indian market in 1993 the COCA-COLA COMPANY operations grown rapidly through a model that supports local business which includes over 1.3 million retailers and over 7000 distributors across the country. Coca-cola has been successful in the global market as well as Indian market because it follows the local strategies and is able to deliver as per the needs of the local people by manufacturing and distribution by the local company (Hill, 2009). In manufacturing the product the water which is used is local from which the customers get the local taste. The company have an approach where in, their business does not get influenced by the area of sales. Rodrigues (2009), states that Coca-Cola pursues the global strategy of producing diverse products as per the local culture. For instance in India people prefer sweeter coke. Also Coca-Cola launched Georgia, a canned coffee specially intended for Indian market which captured 40% of the market soon after its launch (Hill, 2009). According to Cokecce.com (2007), Coca-Cola trains their managers in their management school, to make them aware of the global perspective of their operations. This picture is to explain the process from the production and manufacturing to the consumers. Marketing is one of the back bones of any global industry in any country. As to stay in the market ahead from the competitors, marketing plays the major role in Indian market for soft drinks. The post- liberalization period in India saw the comeback of Cola but Pepsi(one of the major competitor India) had already beaten Coca-Cola to the punch, creatively entering the market in the 1980s in advance of the liberalization by the way of joint venture. Coca-Cola Company benefited from Pepsi creating demand and developing the market for soft drinks. (Kaul, 2004) Coca-Cola Company marketing strategy is based on 3 As that are Availability, Affordability and Acceptability. The first A is for availability of the product to the customers. The second A is for affordability is for pricing and the third A is for acceptability which stands convincing the customer to buy the product. In 2001 Coca-Cola CEO Douglas Daft set the new direction for next generation of success for global brand with a Think global, act local mantra. Recognizing that a single global strategy or single global campaign wouldnt work, locally relevant executions became an increasingly important element of supporting Cokes global brand strategy. Coca-Cola Company re-examined its approach in an attempt to gain leadership in the Indian market and capitalize on significant growth potential in the rural markets. The foundation the new strategy grounded brand positioning and marketing communications in consumer insight, acknowledging that urban versus rural India were two distinct markets on a variety of important dimensions. (Kaul, 2004) In rural market, where both the soft drink category and individual brands were undeveloped, the task was to broaden the brand positioning while in urban markets, with higher category and brand development, the task was to broaden the brand positioning while in urb an markets, with higher category and brand development, the task to narrow the brand positioning focusing on differentiation through offering unique and compelling value. (Kaul, 2004) Coca-Cola used two different marketing strategies for each urban and rural market. The first marketing life ho to aisi means life as it should be for urban market and the other was thanda matlab coca cola which means cool or cold is coca cola which hit the rural target very highly and gain the market very efficiently because the 96% of the population are in rural and developing cities. Coca-Cola Company reduced its rate for the rural market by providing 200ml bottle so that those customers and consumers whose wages are not so high can also have it. (Kaul, 2004) At the same time, Coke invested in distribution infrastructure to effectively serve a disbursed population and doubled the number of retail outlets in rural areas from 80,000 in 2001 to 160,000 in 2003, increasing market penetration from 13 to 25%. As a result of the marketing campaign, Coca-Cola won Advertiser of the year and Campaign of the year 2003. (Kaul, 2004) Swot analysis of Coca-Cola Company: Strengths: The brand image of coca-cola is very strong around the world and have a strong brand portfolio. Cola-cola brand value was increased by 2% from 2007 to 2008 and it is $66,667 million. Coca-Cola owned top five brands of soft drinks market around the world. Strong brand image allows the company to introduce new flavours in the market like vanilla coke, cherry coke and coke with lemon. The companys strong brand image facilitates customers recall and allows company to penetrate new markets while holding the old ones. Coca-cola Company offers more than 3000 products across the world. Coca-cola Company is running business in more than 200 countries in the world which provide it a strong global image. Due to the strong business model across the world company is able to generate significant cash flows up to $50 million a day. (Data Monitors, 2009) Weakness: Pension assets effect the company liquidity position of the company due to financial market volatility. Coca-cola Company is very mature having significantly more pensioners than active participating members. (Data Monitors, 2009) Opportunity: Globally the non alcoholic ready to drink market is increasing by 6% every year for the next 12 years. (Data monitors, 2009). This project growth is due to the increase in middle-class consumers and fast growing urban societies expected to form in the future. The company can capture this growth with innovative new products with old products. (Data Monitors, 2009) Threats: Coca-Cola Company is largely dependent on the bottling partners across the world. Approximately 78% of its worldwide production was produced and distributed by its bolting partners in 2008. Due to independent bottling partner companies make their own business decision that may not always align with Cola-Cola Company interest. Many of its bottling partners have a right to manufacture or distribute certain products of other beverage companies. In soft drink market there is intense competition and one of the major global competitors of Coca-Cola Company is PepsiCo. Competitive factors impacting companys business include advertising, product innovation, sales promotion programs, brand and trademark development and pricing. Decline in the market share of the home country which means the consumers have started to look for greater variety in their drinks and are becoming health conscious. Other major threat for the soft drink companies is reducing level of water for which the government and WHO is forcing the companies to reduce the level of water used in manufacturing the products. (Data Monitors, 2009) Competitor Analysis: The one of the major competitor in India and in global market is Pepsi. Pepsi entered in the India market in 1980s through joint venture. As early as 1985, Pepsi tried to gain entry into India and finally succeeded with Pepsi foods limited project in 1988 as a joint venture of PepsiCo, Punjab government owned Punjab agro industrial corporation (PAIC) and Voltas India limited (Singh, 1997). Pepsi was marketed and sold to Lehar Pepsi until 1991 when the use of foreign brands was allowed under the new economic policy and Pepsi ultimately bought out its partners becoming a fully owned subsidiary and ending the joint venture relationship in 1994. While the joint venture was only marginally successful in its own right, it allowed Pepsi to gain precious early experience with the Indian market and also served as an introduction of the Pepsi brand to the Indian market and also served as an introduction of the Pepsi brand to the Indian consumer such that it was well poised to reap the benefits when liberalization came (Kaul, 2004). SWOT analysis of PEPSICO: Strengths: The PepsiCo brand is figured at the 27th position in the top 100 global brand rankings of Business Week. The brand value of PepsiCo is $13,249 million in 2008. PepsiCo owns 18 mega brands which are recognise globally and generate annual sales of $1 billion each. In some countries PepsiCo is allowed to manufacture, sell and distribute soft drink products other than PepsiCo, including Dr Pepper and Squirt. PepsiCo have a strong manufacturing and distribution channel having 591 facilities till the end of 2008 and half of it is in USA and Canada. (Data Monitors, 2008) Weakness: The company operates 74.4% of its revenue from its home country USA and the USA market for soft drinks is decreasing. The net profit margin of the company is reduced by 3.9% as compare for the last year. The weak operational growth of the company will affect its future growth plan and can affect the investor confidence. (Data Monitors, 2008) Opportunities: Bottled water is one the fastest growing market globally. PepsiCo has the leading manufacturer and distributor in this market and can capture more market by developing new brands and making better the existing ones. PepsiCo made significant acquisition including two of the other Pepsi bottlers in which one is the eight largest Pepsi bottler in the Pepsi Bottling Group from which they are reducing the partners power slowly. (Data Monitors, 2008) Threats: PepsiCo is facing problem in the home country from where the company is generating the maximum revenue. The consumers are becoming more health conscious. The company is facing intense competition from its competitors mainly the Coca-Cola Company which is one of the major competitors globally. Competitive factors impacting companys business include advertising, product innovation, sales promotion programs, brand and trademark development and pricing. There are new laws from government and World Health Organisation(WHO) to reduce the usage for water in the manufacturing and for labelling, employment, and recycling and product safety. Conclusion: By using the IR framework tool it is evident that Coca-Cola is a global company and doing business in more than 200 countries with a global strategy and a local response. It entered in Indian market due to saturation in the home country market and the growing economies of India. Coca-Cola Company entered the Indian market by acquisition entry method by acquiring Local soft drinks brand like Thumsup, Limca from which gain knowledge about the country soft drink market. The company captured the Indian market majorly through marketing and targeting the rural market which contains the 96% of the population. The company use three A strategy to be to gain more market share. In Indian market Coca-Cola have 46 bottling plants some of them is owned and others are in partnership from which they share the risk, 1.3 million retailers and over 7000 distributors which gives the company a strong base. Business Credit (2006), India tops annual list of most attractive countries for international retail expansion, Business Credit, Vol. 107 No. 7, p. 72. Choi, A. (2006), Eyeing Indias riches: as barriers come down, luxury brands go slow, WWD, March 13. Broken commitments: The case of Pepsi in India. Kavaljit Singh, PIRG Update, May 1997. Interview with Nymph Kaul, 9/20/04 Halepete, J., Iyer, S., and Park, C., S., 2008. Wal-Mart in India: a success or failure: International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management, 36(9), pp.701-713 Zhang, M., 2010, International Business Management, Nottingham, Nottingham Trent University Kaul, Nymph. Rai University, Coca-Cola India. Keller, Kevin Lane. Strategic Brand Management. Prentice Hall, 1998 Svensson, G., 2001 Glocalization of business activities: a glocal strategy management decision 39/1 pp. 6-18. Kaul, Nymph. Interview of Sanjiv Gupta, President and CEO of Coca-Cola India, June 2004. Gupta, A. K., Govindarajan, V., Malhotra, A. (1999). FEEDBACK-SEEKING BEHAVIOR WITHIN MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS. Strategic Management Journal , 205-222. Rugman, A. M., Collinson, S and Hodgetts, R. M. (2006). International Business. Financial Times Management; 4th Revised edition edition Bartlett, C., S. Ghoshal, and P. Beamish. 2008. Transnational Management. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin.

Witchcraft, Murder and Ghosts in Macbeth Essay examples -- Macbeth ess

Witchcraft, Murder and Ghosts in Macbeth       A notable point within Shakespeare’s play Macbeth is the use of the three witches in the opening scene.   The number of witches for a contemporary audience can go unnoticed.   However in the time that Shakespeare the symbolic meaning of the number three was important, as it symbolized unluckiness and when remembering the fear of the unnatural and being unlucky (epitomized by such historical events as the rage of witch trials within Britain).   This is not the only symbolism within the play, the use of the disparity between light and dark is an important concept.   We can perhaps see the parallel between the horror movies of today, and the images of witchcraft, murder and ghosts of the past.    Firstly in the initial scene of Act IV there are a number of references to the number three.    First Witch: "Thrice the brinded cat hath mew.d" (1) Second Witch: "Thrice and once the hedge-pig whin'd" (2) First Witch: "Days and nights hast thirty-one" (7) First Witch: "Pour in sow's blood, that hath eaten Her nine farrow;" (65)    All of these examples refer to the number three, or the denominator of nice.   The final example of the number three used is within the fourth act with Macbeth... ... of Shakespeare enjoy an aura of immortality because we see in Shakespeare the mirror of the human condition with which we may all identify and gain a sense that in some strange way his plays are a reflection of our souls.       Bibliography The Tragedy of Macbeth New Haven: Yale University Press Revised 1994 Shakespeare's Macbeth Total Study Edition Coles Editorial Board 1990 Holinshed R. Historie of Scotland (2nd Ed. Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland 1587) "Historie of Scotland" Paul. Henry N. The Royal Play of Macbeth 1950 pp. 213-17 Bradley A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy 1912 pp. 468-9   

Ethical rights

Normally this cheating would not affect her but in this chemistry class the teacher grades on a curve. If the kids do well on the test because of cheating the curve would not be In the favor of the other kids and Francesca. Francesca Is debating If she should let it go or tell the teacher. If Francesca uses the utility test it would be ethical for her to tell the teacher that her friends were cheating on the mid-term so the curve is not effected. With Francesca telling the teacher is would be maximizing the good for her.Her friends that are cheating on the mid-term would the effect Francesca because then If she falls this test she would be catch up the semester. With the semester almost ever she wouldn't have the time to safe her grade from a bad test score. With the failing of the test it could set her up to fail the class. Without telling, it would not be maximizing the good for her on the test; the chances of her getting a good grade goes down a lot because of her friends cheating . By telling the teacher it would put her in a chance to better asses how much she knows of what she has been learning.With the test not showing her true ability In the class, and the teacher would not see what type of student she really This Is why It would be better for her to tell her teacher about her friends that were cheating. By Francesca also telling the teacher it would maximize the good for the class. Without the cheaters setting the curve at a crazy high it give them a fair chance to get a good grade, unlike the students who really studied will get a bad one. With the cheaters getting away with it would put the class In an unfair disadvantage.The class would then see that would have to study way more then they have to when they truly did not. This effect would effect all of the other students classes. By them spending more time to study for this class and not the others, to make up for this bad grade, they might get behind in there other classes. This all leads to unneede d stress on the students where they stress enough about school, sports and other extra circular activeness. This is how by her telling would maximize the good for the class as students. Another reason why It would be better for her to tell the teacher Is that It would help the teacher.With the classing doing badly on the test is would reflect badly on the teacher. The teacher would think that he is not teaching the students the right material and there not getting it. With the teacher not really knowing why the students did bad he would have to feel that he needs to explain more about what ex.'s teaching. While compared to if he knew there was the cheaters he would get a true assent of where his students are In the class, and see what they need more help label the teacher as one you can easily cheat with for other future students.That is why by Francesca telling the teacher it would benefit him. The cheating doesn't does not Just affect the class if Francesca does not tell if really affects the school. If the student are cheating in this class what to say this is the only class they are doing it in. This could be Just one of the five classes they are cheating in. If Francesca tell the teacher, he will tell the school know. The school will then take the actions that are need to make sure these wont happen again with these students.Other teacher that have these students in there class will be notified to make sure there not cheating in there class also. With the school stopping the cheating it could be saving the reputation of the school. Cheating is a big deal for schools, they would take the approbate actions in punishments to make it clear to the cheating students that if they are caught again cheating the consequences would be far more severe next time. The harm that could from the students cheating could effect way more then the teacher and school now, but there own Jobs and society in the future.This introduction to chemistry could Just the start for these students where other classes just get harder and harder. They would be more likely to cheat in the classes to come if they got away with it the first time. The cheating would help the students get jobs they do not deserve What if one of the student wanted to be a experimental biological chemist in the future, and he got away with all of his years in school cheating and not really learning the materiel he was taught. Then in society he makes a horrible go wrong and the effect that would have would be far greater then the present time in college.That is why with Francesca telling the teacher now it would possibly have less repercussions later. Some people would say that it is better for Francesca not to tell that her friends where cheating. Her friends know that they saw that she had seen them cheating on the mid-term. With her telling the teacher could lose those friends and also create far more drama outside of class. They all dorm together and her friends will be mad at her that s he told and whatever there punishment would be, failing the mid-term ND on watch by the school, they would blame her for it.This could cause more harm for Francesca then good for all the other people affected. They could also say that if she really was studying and not waiting till the last minute she wont have to worry about what grade they get on the test. It could also effect there standing with the school, she does not know if this is there first warning and they might get a more severe consequence this time. All of these reasons are wrong because the affects that would have on the few student could not out way the affects that it could possibly have on the everyone else.That is why Francesca is ethical by telling the teacher according to the utility test. The effect that the cheating students would have on the Francesca, the class, teacher, school and society in the future is far greater. It was the choice if the students to go out instead of studying was there own fault. They knew the consequence of cheating and they still decided to go ahead with it, it not Francesca fault that she wanted to have a fair chance on the test like all the other students. That is why is would be better that Francesca tells that she saw the other students cheating when the

The Black and Tan Angel essays

The Black and Tan Angel essays The object of my paper is to examine how players of different races, gender, age, and social statuses have impacted the game of golf in the United States at the PGA and LPGA level, making it what it is today. I chose this topic because so many players like Vijay Singh, Michelle Wie, Se Ri Pak, Annika Sorenstam, and Tiger Woods are making their way in history as phenomenal players in the game of golf. They are changing the game of golf by breaking records and setting new standards everyday. I think this topic is important to look at because golf is a game that has been around and played for many years. For years it was a game that was always viewed as a white mans sport, however over time the game has changed to include different minorities and genders. First, lets take a look at how race has impacted the game of golf. Golf was a game that was once known as one played by rich Caucasians. Most early golfers were comprised of British and American citizens, which were Caucasian. In the 1960s, the great well-known golfers, Arnold Palmer and Jack Nicklaus (both Caucasians) were often seen at the top of the scoreboard. In 1961, the PGA finally withdrew its whites only rule, allowing golfers of different minorities to play. Vijay Singh was one of these first well-recognized golfers to enter into the game of golf. Singh earned an exemption on the U.S. PGA Tour in the summer of 1993, and is now a member of both the PGA and European Tours. The PGA Tour and LPGA Tour in the United States are now filled with people who are African American, and Asian from all over the world. Tiger Woods is one of these minority golfers that are very well known due to his great success on the PGA Tour. Tiger is known as a role model to many Afric an American minorities, giving them hope that they too have a chance of becoming a professional athlete. At one time African Americans such as Tiger Woods, were only seen on a g...

War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front Essay Example

War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front Essay Example War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front Paper War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front Paper Essay Topic: All Quiet On the Western Front War Dehumanization in All Quiet on The Western Front BY Itmes123 War Dehumanization If you think of humanity as one large body, then war is like suicide, or at best, self mutilation( Jerome Crabb). Paul B? ¤umer, the protagonist of All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque fulfills his understanding of Jerome Crabbs quote after experiencing everything war has to offer. In the novel, Paul truly experiences what being in war can physically and mentally do to not only a man, but their families as well. It is apparent that Erich Maria Remarque had Paul B? ¤umer face various orrifying situations while at the front to make a powerful statement against war and everything associated with it. Throughout the book, Remarque uses implicit statements to help prove his argument in a myriad of ways. The statements Remarque includes in the novel cohere with one another to show that war dehumanizes the soldiers who choose to enlist into it. Through the implicit language and arguments used, the dehumanization effect war brought upon the soldiers is illustrated as an unbreakable force that takes no pity on the soldiers at the front. It greatly affects the soldiers physically, mentally, and even psychologically. Erich Maria Remarque shows that war has a dehumanizing effect on the men even to the point of being compared to savages by using point of view, literary devices and imagery. By applying the points of view of the distinct characters in his novel, Remarque is able to implicitly make the argument that war dehumanizes the soldiers in every way possible. Because of the usage of point of view, the argument trying to be proven is seen through a clearer outlook since a single characters personality does not affect the argument of war dehumanizing the men. Conventional human characteristics, for xample the significance of education, have seemed to be lost completely due to war. When discussion arises between Paul and his comrades about their aspirations after war, the men come to realize that they have forgotten most of what their schoolmaster Kantorek had taught them back in school which was really not that long ago. Paul even considers the school lessons they received back as civilians to be rot(86). The word choice Paul uses sort of gives off a supercilious tone on education. Pauls tone on the topic illustrates that he sees little or no value in the education he learned from his schoolmasters. Obviously, education is seen as an extremely important part of humanity of the soldiers but since Paul is devaluing education, he is essentially devaluing humanity as well. Adding onto Pauls depreciation of education at the front, as Leer, one of his closest comrades is killed, Paul comes to the understanding that being such a good mathematician at school served Leer no good while fghting on the front (284). The realization he made is that war does not take pity for people who are well educated. Paul feels that war cares nothing of education since Leers mathematics skills were not able to help him survive the ombardment and therefore, the education used on Leer served of very little use for him since ne was not able to survive the wrath ot war. This experience displays to Paul that only instinct can help to survive being at the front. Solely using instinct to survive is a characteristic only vital to animals and because Paul exhibits this characteristic, Remarque is implying that all soldiers act based off of instinct.. It is in essence showing that the soldiers in way are at a level comparable to various animals. Yet another point of view Remarque incorporates to illustrate animal like ualities in the soldiers is that of Albert Kropp. In this instance, Kropp is badly hurt with an amputated leg. He no longer sees the value of enduring the strong pain as he tells Paul that he will shoot himself the first time he can get a hold of his revolver(261). By devaluing his own life, Kropp has shown to the readers that war has destroyed his own humanity since life is one of the most important values in humanity. Without the virtue of humanity, Kropp and many other soldiers that find themselves in similar situations can be compared to animals. The points of view from Albert and Paul all are brought together to show the dehumanization effect war causes since the men are no longer caring for their humanity. Also, literary devices integrated in the novel cohere with each other to furthermore show how the soldiers at war become less and less human everyday. As the soldiers fall in line for breakfast to receive their normal amount of rations, the sergeant cook is shocked to see that only 80 of the men survived the heavy attack from the previous day. He unwittingly made enough food for the 150 men but because nearly half of them had died, the ook finds himself with an overload of food. Because of the massive surplus, the soldiers in line for breakfast plead their case to the cook that they should receive double rations for the day. At first, the cook is hesitant to comply with the soldiers orders thinking Eighty men cant have what is meant for a hundred and fifty'(5). The literary device shown here is irony as after persuading the cook for double rations, the Second Company which came back 80 strong has no difficulty consuming all of the leftover food meant for the other soldiers who were not as lucky to survive. After eceiving and consuming the extra food, the soldiers showed no remorse of the fact that they were eating their fellow dead soldiers breakfast. The only emotion they felt was satisfaction in their bellies. The men usually receive minimal food at the front so they quickly snap at the opportunity to receive an extra ration despite it being meant for the dead soldiers. This quality the men portray is one similar to animals as animals also snap at any opportunity to get food even if it is at an expense of another animal. They only think of what they can do for them to be better off and in this case, he soldiers are doing the same. Another literary device Remarque uses to confirm his argument is symbolism. As Paul and his comrades crowd around Kemmerichs bed at the hospital, they notice that Kemmerichs leg has been amputated. Out of the group, Kemmerich has the most comfortable boots and Muller takes note of that. Considering the fact that Kemmerich will no longer be able to wear the boots, Muller desperately wants them to replace his worn out uncomfortable boots. At first, Paul wanted Kemmerich to keep and die with the boots still in his possession but he omes to realize that only the facts are real important for [them], And good boots are scarce(21). Since Kemmerich is close to death, Paul thinks of the value of the boots and where they are most needed without the realization that they are a prized possession of his dying comrade Kemmerich. War has really dehumanized the men as their value system nas changed tor the worse and the boots represent now much more they care for things that could make them better off rather than the life of a good friend. All in all, the literary devices used in the book help make a valid claim hat war has a dehumanizing effect on the soldiers. By applying imagery, Remarque shows the soldiers in war are dehumanized to a level that can be compared to animals. The soldiers find themselves resorting to their animal like instincts to help stay alive which make them lose all human characteristics by fighting in the war. Following Pauls leave from the front, he serves some time as a prison guard watching over the Russian prisoners and unintentionally compares the prisoners to animals describing them as meek, scolded, St. Bernard dogs and they seem nervous and fearful(189). St. Bernard dogs are defined as generally very large working dogs originally bred for rescue. The word choice of meek and scolded certainly do not match the definition of St Bernard dogs as rescue dogs have to be assertive and praised. Paul is hinting to the fact that because of the harsh conditions the prisoners are forced to endure, they have been ever since going through a long stint of dehumanization. The Russian prisoners also slink about [the] camp and pick over the garbage Slinking around the enemy camp suggests that the prisoners are trying to scavenge any left ood in a stealthy manner trying their best not be noticed by the others. This tactic is very similar to how various animals capture their prey so war has actually animalized the prisoners. Also, the Russians result to picking through garbage cans to try and find leftover bread crumbs. Searching through garbage cans for food is certainly the last resort for food but war has dehumanized the men to the extent where all they care about is surviving. If it means eating out of the garbage can, they will do so. These two instances show how animalistic war can make men become. By ncorporating character point of view, literary devices and distinct imagery, Remarque shows that war has not only dehumanized the soldiers but animalized them as well. Remarque is able to implicitly show Just how dehumanizing war can be to anyone that is absorbed into it. It truly destroys the humanity in all men that comes in its way. Time and time again, Remarque pleads his case of how fighting in war and being at the front can over time make a man less than a human being and closer to an animal due to the loss of many values of humanity. His argument in the novel is quite specific and strong but it is certainly valid.

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE IN ARCHITECTURE WAY Assignment

PROGRAMMING AND CULTURE IN ARCHITECTURE WAY - Assignment Example On a further note, the other major functionalities of the site include possessing a small grocery store in the restaurant wherein the customers can find traditional Guatemalan foods and setting the environment of the place with beautiful paintings and marimba music. Considering the major functions that have been previously discussed, the element concerning the level of competition prevalent within the site is likely to be less important for Guatemalteca Bakery Restaurant. This can be judged based on the fact that the business of the restaurant focuses on providing superior quality of products and/or services related to various menus of foods as well as other add-on facilities to the customers that enabled towards sustaining its operations efficiently (Pearson South Africa 78). In addition, the element concerning the pricing of the competitors is deemed to be less important for the restaurant. Justifiably, it can be affirmed that the business deals with various services that include sprawling space food, bakery section and grocery store as well as dining area that are likely to grow the attractiveness of the site, without imposing much level of impact on the pricing decisions of the